· outbreak (either endemic, epidemic, or pandemic) -a sudden breaking out or occurrence
o you can determine that there is an outbreak when there are more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time
· Endemic - a disease that is always present in a population, such as colds or pneumonia. It is usually (but not always) specific to one area.
· Cluster - an aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space, regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number
· Epidemic - a disease that flares up on occasion such as diphtheria and malaria.
· In the colonial times (mid 1800's) diphtheria became popular in small towns, but faded away by the 1900's, or even sooner.
· An epidemic disease is influenza - It was around 1918-19 it killed almost or more than 20 million worldwide. (large numbers of people over a wide geographical area affected )
· Pandemic -a disease prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world.
· Pandemic diseases are plague -occurred in the 14th century also known as the Black Death it mostly occurred in Asia and Europe. (an epidemic occurring over several countries or continents and affected a large proportion of the population)
· Morality The measure of severity of a disease expressed as the proportion of people with the disease who become extremely ill or die.
· Surveillance Risk - Location based this method of tracking and tracing diseases focuses on the trends of one area. A risk in a particular area of a certain disease would be monitored, sent to a database, and acted upon accordingly.
· Prevalence: The proportion of individuals in a population having a disease. Prevalence is a statistical concept referring to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time.
· Case fatality or Fatality rate, is the ratio of deaths within a designated population of people with a particular condition, over a certain period of time.
· Median Survival (Rate): The estimate of how long a patient will survive.
· Relative Risk- A ratio of disease from the exposed to the non-exposed
· Surveillance- The systematic, ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data whose purpose is to gain knowledge of the patterns of the disease.
· Incidence rate is the number of new cases per population in a given time period
· Demographic- Characteristics of a population including sex, race, or occupation
· Cohort- A small, well defined population or group of individuals with the same characteristics in common
· Risk- The probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a certain time span
· Viruses- the smallest infectious agent. Not generally thought of as an organism, because it cannot perform two of the six necessities of life
· Bacteria- the second smallest infectious agent. Smallest kind that is thought of as an organism. Can be "killed". Not all bacteria is infectious, the lack thereof in a digestive system if thought to be the leading cause of Chronis disease
· Protozoa- ranges in size. Much more complicated than bacteria. Can be killed by antibiotics, but is smart enough to hide.
· Vector - an organism that transmits a disease to a host. This organism does not have the disease, nor does it cause it.
· Fomite -an inanimate object that is capable of transmitting any disease from one place to another.
· Zoonosis - any diseases from animals that is communicable to humans.
· Plague- a cleared region in a bacterial culture, resulting from lysis of bacteria by bacteriophages.
· Infectious agents (know terms, differences, similarities)- an agent capable of producing infection
· Virus -an ultramicroscopic (20 to 300 NM in diameter), metabolically inert, infectious agent that replicates only within the cells of living hosts, mainly bacteria, plants, and animals. This means that it can only and will only reproduce inside a living cell. For this reason, it is thought that viri are not actual living things.
· Bacteria -ubiquitous one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains, comprising the Schizomycota, a phylum of the kingdom Monera (in some classification systems the plant class Schizomycetes), various species of which are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, or nitrogen fixation.
· Infectious Disease - A disease, usually caused by a virus or bacteria that are transmitted through the air. However, it requires an open cut, sore, or other wound to enter. (requires a portal of entry)
· Protistans/ Protozoa/ Animals - These one celled organisms are more complicated than bacteria. They are always parasitic, and act similarly to bacteria, with significant differences (they're bigger and more complicated, and therefore smarter and harder to get rid of). Malaria and Lyme disease are examples.
· Fungi - A fungus is a heterotroph, which means it needs to eat (or leach off of, really) other organisms for nutrients. Fungi attack plants, mostly, or they just sort of sit around in a damp spot waiting for all-important water and the nutrients than come with it. The fungi we are concerned with are the species that can attack humans/organisms other than plants. This includes fungi whose spores can grow on the inside of your body and kill you that way, are poisonous (think black mold), or grow on the outside of your body (think athlete's foot and ringworm).
Modes of Transmissions (Methods of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another)
· direct transmission - immediate transfer of agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread.- unofficial wiki
· direct contact- occurs through kissing, skin-to-skin contact, and look on unofficial wiki - unofficial wiki
· droplet spread- direct transmission by direct spray over a few feet, before droplets fall to ground- unofficial wiki
· Indirect Transmission - agent is carried from reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles, vectors, or vehicles- unofficial wiki
· vectors- ( see vectors above )animate intermediaries (such as fleas, flies, and mosquitoes) which carry the agent through mechanical means- unofficial wiki
· vehicles/ fomites - ( see fomites above )inanimate intermediaries (objects) that carry agent- unofficial wiki
· Mechanical transitions- no multiplication or change of the agent within the vector- unofficial wiki
· Biological transmissions - when the agent undergoes changes within the vector, and the vector serves as both an intermediate host and a mode of transmission- unofficial wiki
· Chain of Infection- Infectious Agent -> Reservoir -> Portal of Exit -> Modes of Transmission -> Portal of Entry -> Susceptible Host
· Agent - A microbial organism with the ability to cause disease.
· Reservoir - A place where agents can thrive and reproduce.
· Portal of Exit - A place of exit providing a way for an agent to leave the reservoir.
· Portal of Entry - An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.
· Susceptible Host - A person (or, really, any organism) who cannot resist a microorganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection. In other words, a person (or any organism) which cannot fight off a disease. This "susceptibility" is almost always caused by either a disease already present in the body (think AIDS) or the mere fact that the disease is foreign to the organism and so the organism hasn't built up any antibodies against it.
· Reservoir Host- a host of an infection in which the infectious agent multiplies and/or develops, and upon which the agent is dependent for survival in nature; the host essential for the maintenance if the infection during times when active transmission is not occurring.
· Incidental Host- a vertebrate animal infected with disease-causing agent that is not essential to the development/transmission of the agent. Example: Humans and west-Nile-virus. We get it, but we are not essential to anything.
Disease Detectives-Definitions
· outbreak (either endemic, epidemic, or pandemic) -a sudden breaking out or occurrence
o you can determine that there is an outbreak when there are more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time
· Endemic - a disease that is always present in a population, such as colds or pneumonia. It is usually (but not always) specific to one area.
· Cluster - an aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space, regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number
· Epidemic - a disease that flares up on occasion such as diphtheria and malaria.
· In the colonial times (mid 1800's) diphtheria became popular in small towns, but faded away by the 1900's, or even sooner.
· An epidemic disease is influenza - It was around 1918-19 it killed almost or more than 20 million worldwide. (large numbers of people over a wide geographical area affected )
· Pandemic -a disease prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world.
· Pandemic diseases are plague -occurred in the 14th century also known as the Black Death it mostly occurred in Asia and Europe. (an epidemic occurring over several countries or continents and affected a large proportion of the population)
· Morality The measure of severity of a disease expressed as the proportion of people with the disease who become extremely ill or die.
· Surveillance Risk - Location based this method of tracking and tracing diseases focuses on the trends of one area. A risk in a particular area of a certain disease would be monitored, sent to a database, and acted upon accordingly.
· Prevalence: The proportion of individuals in a population having a disease. Prevalence is a statistical concept referring to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time.
· Case fatality or Fatality rate, is the ratio of deaths within a designated population of people with a particular condition, over a certain period of time.
· Median Survival (Rate): The estimate of how long a patient will survive.
· Relative Risk- A ratio of disease from the exposed to the non-exposed
· Surveillance- The systematic, ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data whose purpose is to gain knowledge of the patterns of the disease.
· Incidence rate is the number of new cases per population in a given time period
· Demographic- Characteristics of a population including sex, race, or occupation
· Cohort- A small, well defined population or group of individuals with the same characteristics in common
· Risk- The probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a certain time span
· Viruses- the smallest infectious agent. Not generally thought of as an organism, because it cannot perform two of the six necessities of life
· Bacteria- the second smallest infectious agent. Smallest kind that is thought of as an organism. Can be "killed". Not all bacteria is infectious, the lack thereof in a digestive system if thought to be the leading cause of Chronis disease
· Protozoa- ranges in size. Much more complicated than bacteria. Can be killed by antibiotics, but is smart enough to hide.
· Vector - an organism that transmits a disease to a host. This organism does not have the disease, nor does it cause it.
· Fomite -an inanimate object that is capable of transmitting any disease from one place to another.
· Zoonosis - any diseases from animals that is communicable to humans.
· Plague- a cleared region in a bacterial culture, resulting from lysis of bacteria by bacteriophages.
· Infectious agents (know terms, differences, similarities)- an agent capable of producing infection
· Virus -an ultramicroscopic (20 to 300 NM in diameter), metabolically inert, infectious agent that replicates only within the cells of living hosts, mainly bacteria, plants, and animals. This means that it can only and will only reproduce inside a living cell. For this reason, it is thought that viri are not actual living things.
· Bacteria -ubiquitous one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains, comprising the Schizomycota, a phylum of the kingdom Monera (in some classification systems the plant class Schizomycetes), various species of which are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, or nitrogen fixation.
· Infectious Disease - A disease, usually caused by a virus or bacteria that are transmitted through the air. However, it requires an open cut, sore, or other wound to enter. (requires a portal of entry)
· Protistans/ Protozoa/ Animals - These one celled organisms are more complicated than bacteria. They are always parasitic, and act similarly to bacteria, with significant differences (they're bigger and more complicated, and therefore smarter and harder to get rid of). Malaria and Lyme disease are examples.
· Fungi - A fungus is a heterotroph, which means it needs to eat (or leach off of, really) other organisms for nutrients. Fungi attack plants, mostly, or they just sort of sit around in a damp spot waiting for all-important water and the nutrients than come with it. The fungi we are concerned with are the species that can attack humans/organisms other than plants. This includes fungi whose spores can grow on the inside of your body and kill you that way, are poisonous (think black mold), or grow on the outside of your body (think athlete's foot and ringworm).
Modes of Transmissions (Methods of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another)
· direct transmission - immediate transfer of agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread.- unofficial wiki
· direct contact- occurs through kissing, skin-to-skin contact, and look on unofficial wiki - unofficial wiki
· droplet spread- direct transmission by direct spray over a few feet, before droplets fall to ground- unofficial wiki
· Indirect Transmission - agent is carried from reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles, vectors, or vehicles- unofficial wiki
· vectors- ( see vectors above ) animate intermediaries (such as fleas, flies, and mosquitoes) which carry the agent through mechanical means- unofficial wiki
· vehicles/ fomites - ( see fomites above ) inanimate intermediaries (objects) that carry agent- unofficial wiki
· Mechanical transitions- no multiplication or change of the agent within the vector- unofficial wiki
· Biological transmissions - when the agent undergoes changes within the vector, and the vector serves as both an intermediate host and a mode of transmission- unofficial wiki
· Chain of Infection- Infectious Agent -> Reservoir -> Portal of Exit -> Modes of Transmission -> Portal of Entry -> Susceptible Host
· Agent - A microbial organism with the ability to cause disease.
· Reservoir - A place where agents can thrive and reproduce.
· Portal of Exit - A place of exit providing a way for an agent to leave the reservoir.
· Portal of Entry - An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.
· Susceptible Host - A person (or, really, any organism) who cannot resist a microorganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection. In other words, a person (or any organism) which cannot fight off a disease. This "susceptibility" is almost always caused by either a disease already present in the body (think AIDS) or the mere fact that the disease is foreign to the organism and so the organism hasn't built up any antibodies against it.
· Reservoir Host- a host of an infection in which the infectious agent multiplies and/or develops, and upon which the agent is dependent for survival in nature; the host essential for the maintenance if the infection during times when active transmission is not occurring.
· Incidental Host- a vertebrate animal infected with disease-causing agent that is not essential to the development/transmission of the agent. Example: Humans and west-Nile-virus. We get it, but we are not essential to anything.